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Plant Compounds of Piper nigrum , the Black pepper

Kingdom:  Plantae
Class:  Magnoliopsida
Order:  Piperales
Family:  Piperaceae
Genus:  Piper
Author:  Linnaeus
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Bedoukain RussellIPM

Compounds:

Wrolstad  1965 
 
        3-carene  13.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Chicago, USA  oil 
        alpha-caryophyllene  1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  17.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        carvone  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-sabinene hydrate  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        eugenol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  17 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myristicin  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        nerolidol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        piperonal  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  22.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        safrole  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-sabinene hydrate  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Analytical Methods Committee  1984 
 
        3-carene  20.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦     oil 
        alpha-caryophyllene  1.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  2.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  5.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  28 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.45 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  10.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        citronellol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.75 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-elemene  2.55 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  17.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  0.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Pino  1990 
 
        3-carene  16 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Havana, Cuba  oil 
        alpha-bulnesene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-guaiene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  1.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  8.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  0.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        ar-curcumene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bisabolene  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  10 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-eudesmol  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  12 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphor  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-beta-ocimene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-sabinene hydrate  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinol  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-elemene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        E,E-alpha-farnesene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        elemol  0.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        eucalyptol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        eugenol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        guaiol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        humulene oxide  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  19 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  1.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        nerol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        nerolidol  2.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  19 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-sabinene hydrate  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        Z,E-farnesol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Pino  1992 
 
        alpha-pinene  6.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Havana, Cuba  oil 
        alpha-terpineol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  1.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  9.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  3.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  19.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  5.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  10.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  22 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-nerolidol  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Buckle  1985 
 
        alpha-caryophyllene  1.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Matale, Sri Lanka  oil 
        alpha-copaene  4.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  5.75 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  7.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinene  2.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  1.95 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  18.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-farnesene  2.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  8.65 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        calamenene  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.45 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  5.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-elemene  2.55 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        humulene oxide  1.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  20.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrtenol  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  1.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        pinocarveol  1.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  6.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Lawrence  1981 
 
        10-epi-cubenol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦     oil 
        11-2Kt  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        2,3-dehydro-1,8-cineole  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        3-carene  5.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        4-terpinenyl acetate  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-bisabolene  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-bisabolol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cis-bergamotene  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-muurolene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  1.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  1.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-trans-bergamotene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-zingiberene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        ar-curcumene  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        benzaldehyde  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bisabolene  2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bisabolol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  14.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-cis-bergamotene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-cubebene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-phellandrene  1.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  10.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-trans-bergamotene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        borneol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        calamenene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphor  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        carvacrol methylether  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        carvone  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        carvotanacetone  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-gamma-bisabolene  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-nerolidol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-p-2-menthen-1-ol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-sabinene hydrate  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        citronellal  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cubebol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cubenol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-elemene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        E-beta-farnesene  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        elemol  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        E-methyl geranate  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        eucalyptol  2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-cadinene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-eudesmol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-humulene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        geraniol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        isopinocamphone  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  17.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        methyl citronellate  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        methyl heptenone  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  2.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrtenal  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrtenol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        nerol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  1.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        phellandral  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        pinol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        piperitone  0.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  19.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sesquisabinene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinolen-4,8-epoxide  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinyl acetate  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        t-muurolol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-2-menthenol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-anethole  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-carveol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-limonene-1,2-oxide  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-pinocamphone  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-pinocarveol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-sabinene hydrate  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        viridiflorene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        viridiflorol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        Z-dihydrocarvone  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Richard  1971 
 
        3-carene  0.18 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Kerala, India  oil 
        alpha-caryophyllene  1.33 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.96 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  10.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  10.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  1.22 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinene  2.77 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.08 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  1.11 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  2.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bisabolene  0.17 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  20.58 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  1.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-farnesene  1.84 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-phellandrene  7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  6.48 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  1.74 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.64 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        carvone  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.17 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  2.96 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  1.65 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  3.62 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.07 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
König  1992 
 
        3-carene  37.96 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Java  oil 
        alpha-phellandrene  4.28 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  8.65 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinene  0.14 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  0.11 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-phellandrene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  15.17 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.21 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  27.13 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  3.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  2.47 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Dorman  2000 
 
        3-carene  8.53 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   UK  oil 
        alpha-caryophyllene  2.16 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  2.26 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.23 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  2.74 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  6.33 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinene  0.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  4.74 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  0.44 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        aromadendrene  0.47 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  24.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.37 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-terpineol  0.34 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.38 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.84 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta7-octen-4-ol  0.17 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        eugenol  5.56 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpineol  1.48 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        geraniol  0.54 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        neral  0.32 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  1.63 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.24 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-anethole  0.39 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Zhu  1993 
 
        2-carene  1.03 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   China  oil 
        3-carene  19.04 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene  1.79 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  1.87 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  3.71 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  5.33 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-cadinene  0.74 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  28.36 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  9.63 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.13 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-elemene  2.65 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        eremophilene  0.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  17.44 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.34 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        m-cymene  1.07 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  2.44 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Ao  1998 
 
        3-carene  6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   China  root 
        alpha-caryophyllene  3.67 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene alcohol  0.29 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  0.09 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-muurolol  0.08 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  0.49 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  0.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.22 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  51.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.59 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  1.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        bornyl acetate  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.14 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.47 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.07 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        isocaryophyllene  6.76 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  2.97 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  0.19 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  0.37 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        undecan-2-ol  0.08 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Gopalakrishnan  1993 
 
        2,8-menthadienol  0.02 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Panniyur, Kerala State, India  oil 
        3-carene  1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-bisabolene  1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-bulnesene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene alcohol  0.04 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-guaiene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  5.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  1.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-trans-bergamotene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        ar-curcumene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bisabolene  1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bisabolol  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  24 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.07 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-phellandrene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  0.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        borneol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        carveol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        carvone  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        carvone oxide  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cedrol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-beta-ocimene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-nerolidol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-p-2-menthen-1-ol  0.02 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        citronellal  0.02 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cuparene  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-elemene  1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        E,E-alpha-farnesene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        E-beta-farnesene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        elemol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-amorphene  1.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-muurolene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        geranyl acetate  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        germacrene D  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  21 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool oxide  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrtenol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        neryl acetate  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        piperitone  0.02 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  10 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinyl acetate  1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-2-menthenol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-carveol  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-dihydrocarveol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-nerolidol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-sabinene hydrate  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
McCarron  1995 
 
        4-terpinenyl acetate  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Kumali Region, Kerala, India  black berry 
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  1.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-eudesmol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  17.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  8.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bisabolene  1.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  14 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-eudesmol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-ocimene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  11 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cadinene  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cedrenol  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        elemene  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        elemol  2.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-eudesmol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  11.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  6.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Chacko  1996 
 
        3-carene  2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   India  roasted 
        alpha-amorphene  1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  1.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-eudesmol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-guaiene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  7.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinene  9.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  2.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bisabolol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  5.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-cubebene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-eudesmol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-phellandrene  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  15.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cadinol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        carvone oxide  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllenol I  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        citronellal  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-elemene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        elemol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        farnesene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        guaiol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  24 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool oxide  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        nerolidol  3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  17.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-2-menthenol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        valencene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Sumathykutty  1999 
 
        1,4-cadinadiene  1.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Neyyar Dam Area, India  leaf & berry 
        alloaromadendrene  0.32 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cadinol  0.75 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.69 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cedrene  0.06 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cedrene epoxide  0.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  0.02 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.22 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-muurolene  0.12 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  0.03 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.28 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.03 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bisabolene  0.13 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bisabolol  3.32 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bourbonene  0.14 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  0.14 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-cedrene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-copaene  0.59 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-cubebene  1.68 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.07 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-eudesmol  3.31 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  0.07 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  0.47 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-terpineol  0.06 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        bornyl acetate  0.21 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cadina-1,4-dien-3-ol  3.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        calamenene  0.73 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        carvacrol  0.02 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        carvone oxide  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene alcohol  4.85 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.23 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cedrol  0.36 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-linalool oxide  0.07 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta1-hexen-3-ol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.17 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-elemene  0.07 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        E,E-alpha-farnesene  1.55 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        E,E-farnesol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        E,Z-farnesol  3.53 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        E-beta-farnesene  0.29 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        elemol  11.52 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-muurolene  1.63 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        geraniol  0.09 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        geranyl acetate  0.02 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        germacrene D  0.27 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        heptan-2-ol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        hexan-2-ol  0.04 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  0.11 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.38 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        methyl eugenol  0.09 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        nerol  0.07 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        piperitenone  0.02 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  0.02 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.02 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinyl acetate  0.06 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.04 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-linalool oxide  0.07 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-nerolidol  1.92 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        Z,E-farnesol  4.59 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Menon  2000 
 
        3-carene  19 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Calicut, India  berry, Karimunda 
        alpha-bisabolene  2.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cadinol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene alcohol  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  1.85 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  3.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  5.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  22 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  14.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        carvone oxide  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.45 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cedrol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        citronellal  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cuparene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        E-beta-farnesene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        elemol  0.85 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-amorphene  1.75 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-muurolene  4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        geranyl acetate  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  19.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  0.45 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrtenol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        neryl acetate  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  0.75 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        piperitone  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        t-cadinol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinyl acetate  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-carveol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-dihydrocarveol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-linalool oxide  0.75 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-nerolidol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Menon  2002 
 
        3-carene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Calicut, India  berry, Kottanadan 
        alpha-cadinol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene  1.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene alcohol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-guaiene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-muurolene  2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  1.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  1.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-trans-bergamotene  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bisabolene  3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  13 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  1.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-guaiene  0.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-ocimene  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  12 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        borneol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyll-5-en-12-al  0.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cedrol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-p-2-menthen-1-ol  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        citronellal  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cuparene  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  1.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        dihydrocarveol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        elemol  1.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-amorphene  0.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        geranyl acetate  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  19 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool oxide  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        neryl acetate  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        piperitone  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  17 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        t-cadinol  2.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinyl acetate  0.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-2-menthenol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-carveol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-nerolidol  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Menon  2001 
 
        2-ethyl-6OH  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   India  distilled 
        3-carene  0.23 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-bulnesene  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cadinol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene  1.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  1.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-eudesmol  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-guaiene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  12.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  1.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bisabolol  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  6.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-copaene  1.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  14.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cadina-1,4-dien-3-ol  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cedrol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-linalool oxide  0.13 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-nerolidol  3.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        citronellal  0.02 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta1-nonen-3-ol  0.13 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        elemol  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-cadinene  2.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  18.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.32 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        menthone  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  13.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  8.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinyl acetate  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-2-menthenol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-dihydrocarveol  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-linalool oxide  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-nerolidol  7.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        Z,E-farnesol  3.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        Z,Z-farnesol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        Z-alpha-bisabolene  3.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Menon  2000 
 
        3-carene  2.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Calicut, India  berry, Kalluvally 
        alpha-bulnesene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cadinol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene alcohol  0.65 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-guaiene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-trans-bergamotene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bisabolene  3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  36.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        borneol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  2.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cedrol  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        citronellal  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cuparene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        elemol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-amorphene  2.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-muurolene  2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        geranyl acetate  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  1.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrtenol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        neryl acetate  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  0.45 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        piperitone  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  4.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        t-cadinol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinyl acetate  0.14 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-2-menthenol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-linalool oxide  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-nerolidol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Menon  2002 
 
        3-carene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Calicut, India  berry, Ottaplackal 
        alpha-amorphene  1.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-bisabolene  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cadinol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene alcohol  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-guaiene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  1.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-ocimene  4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        carvone oxide  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  1.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cedrol  2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-dihydrocarveol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-p-2-menthen-1-ol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        citronellal  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cuparene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        dihydrocarveol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        elemol  0.75 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-muurolene  1.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        geranyl acetate  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  19 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool oxide  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        neryl acetate  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        piperitone  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        t-cadinol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinyl acetate  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-2-menthenol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-carveol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-nerolidol  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Menon  2001 
 
        2-ethyl-6OH  6.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   India  volatile 
        3-carene  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        3me-4OH  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        5OH  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        6OH  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        9Hy  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-bulnesene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cadinol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene alcohol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-farnesene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-guaiene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-muurolol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  25.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  4.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        benzaldehyde  1.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bisabolol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bourbonene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-copaene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-thujone  1.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cadina-1,4-dien-3-ol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cedrol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-2,8-menthadienol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-beta-terpineol  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-linalool oxide  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-nerolidol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-p-2-menthen-1-ol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-p-2-menthen-7-ol  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        citronellal  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta1-nonen-3-ol  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta3-6OH  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        E-cinnamyl alcohol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-cadinene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-eudesmol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  4.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        geranial  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        geraniol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        humulene epoxide I  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  4.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  2.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        menthone  1.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcenol  2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        neral  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        nerol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymen-7-ol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        piperitone  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinyl acetate  0.02 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinyl acetate  0.08 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-2-menthenol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-beta-terpineol  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-carvone oxide  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-dihydrocarveol  0.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-limonene-1,2-oxide  0.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-linalool oxide  18.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        Z,E-farnesol  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        Z,Z-farnesol  1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        Z-alpha-bisabolene  6.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Menon  2000 
 
        3-carene  7.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Calicut, India  berry, Thommankody 
        alpha-bulnesene  0.85 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cadinol  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  0.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  2.55 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  1.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  7.65 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  0.55 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  0.45 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-trans-bergamotene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  34.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  4.65 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  2.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cedrol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        citronellal  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cuparene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        E-beta-farnesene  1.75 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-amorphene  1.75 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-muurolene  0.55 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  12.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  3.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        neryl acetate  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  0.55 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        t-cadinol  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinyl acetate  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-linalool oxide  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-nerolidol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Menon  2002 
 
        3-carene  2.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Calicut, India  berry, Kuthiravally 
        alpha-amorphene  2.55 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-bisabolene  4.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cadinol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene alcohol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  0.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-guaiene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  3.65 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  5.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  0.45 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  37.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-farnesene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-guaiene  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-ocimene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  7.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        borneol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        carvone oxide  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  1.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cedrol  3.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-carveol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-dihydrocarveol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-p-2-menthen-1-ol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        citronellal  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cuparene  0.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        dihydrocarveol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        elemol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-muurolene  3.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        geranyl acetate  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  13 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.95 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool oxide  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  1.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        neryl acetate  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  0.65 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        piperitone  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  3.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        t-cadinol  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinyl acetate  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-2-menthenol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-dihydrocarveol  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-nerolidol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Menon  2000 
 
        3-carene  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Calicut, India  berry, Arakulam 
        alpha-bisabolene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-bulnesene  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cadinol  0.45 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene alcohol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  0.85 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  4.65 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  1.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-trans-bergamotene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  30.65 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  8.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  0.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  2.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cedrol  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cuparene  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-amorphene  1.75 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-muurolene  1.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  15.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  1.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        neryl acetate  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        piperitone  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  13.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        t-cadinol  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinyl acetate  0.45 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-linalool oxide  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-nerolidol  0.65 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Menon  2002 
 
        3-carene  6.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Calicut, India  berry, Cheriakaniakadan 
        alpha-amorphene  1.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-bisabolene  1.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cadinol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene alcohol  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  1.85 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-guaiene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-muurolene  1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  5.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpineol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  1.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-trans-bergamotene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  20 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-farnesene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-guaiene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-ocimene  0.45 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  9.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        borneol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.35 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cedrol  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-dihydrocarveol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-p-2-menthen-1-ol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        citronellal  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cuparene  1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        dihydrocarveol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        elemol  0.65 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        geranyl acetate  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  15.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool oxide  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  1.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        neryl acetate  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  1.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        piperitone  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  17 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        t-cadinol  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.45 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinyl acetate  0.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-2-menthenol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-carveol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-dihydrocarveol  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-nerolidol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Tewtrakul  2000 
 
        3-carene  10.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Malaysia  oil 
        alpha-caryophyllene  2.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  3.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  1.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  39.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  1.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  1.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  4.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  3.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-elemene  2.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  8.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  9.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  2.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Martins  1998 
 
        3-carene  1.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   São Tomé & Príncipe  oil 
        alpha-caryophyllene  1.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cedrene  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  1.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-eudesmol  1.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-gurjunene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-muurolene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  5.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  0.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  1.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-zingiberene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bisabolene  1.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  15.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-curcumene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-phellandrene  2.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  10.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-sabinene hydrate  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-elemene  1.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-terpineol  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        elemol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        furanodiene  2.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        germacrene B  1.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  18.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  1.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  16.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        t-cadinol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  1.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        t-muurolol  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-nerolidol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-sabinene hydrate  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Van Gemert  1983 
 
        3-carene  18.84 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Brazil  oil, Brazil 
        alpha-caryophyllene  1.76 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  2.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.11 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  3.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  3.36 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  1.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  35.76 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.56 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-phellandrene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  7.98 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cadinol  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.71 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-elemene  1.97 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-elemene  0.17 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  16.34 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.28 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  2.26 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  0.69 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        torreyol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        tricyclene  0.18 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Van Gemert  1983 
 
        3-carene  10.49 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Lampong, Sumatra, Indonesia  oil, Lampong 
        alpha-caryophyllene  2.04 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  2.92 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.22 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  1.94 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  3.24 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.58 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  1.16 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  33.54 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  1.17 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-phellandrene  1.75 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  4.29 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cadinol  0.85 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.91 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-elemene  1.69 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-elemene  0.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.17 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  9.13 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  1.59 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  0.57 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  12.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.19 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        torreyol  0.8 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        tricyclene  0.14 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Van Gemert  1983 
 
        3-carene  14.61 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Malabar, India  oil, Malabar 
        alpha-caryophyllene  1.42 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  1.08 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.15 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  3.14 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  4.94 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.71 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  1.04 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  18.48 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.92 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-phellandrene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  9.29 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cadinol  0.53 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.11 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.43 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-elemene  0.26 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-elemene  0.26 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  16.83 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.33 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  1.97 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  0.82 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  9.18 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        torreyol  0.38 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        tricyclene  0.14 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Kollmannsberger  1992 
 
        1,3,8-p-menthatriene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Germany  oil, Muntok 
        2-carene  0.02 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        2-p-tolylpropene  0.04 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        3-carene  35.91 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-fenchene  0.04 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  4.93 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  9.65 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.93 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  0.17 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-phellandrene  0.52 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  15.81 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.32 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cis-beta-ocimene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.23 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  24.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        m-cymene  0.17 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  3.62 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  2.31 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-menthatriene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  0.21 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        tricyclene  0.01 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Van Gemert  1983 
 
        3-carene  16.14 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia  oil, Sarawak 
        alpha-caryophyllene  1.87 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  2.94 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-cubebene  0.18 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  2.63 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  3.78 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.77 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-thujene  0.42 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  34.68 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-elemene  0.94 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-phellandrene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  7.75 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cadinol  0.94 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        camphene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.97 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-elemene  1.84 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-elemene  0.18 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  14.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.23 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  1.94 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  0.73 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        sabinene  2.42 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        torreyol  0.18 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        tricyclene  0.14 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
McCarron  1995 
 
        4-terpinenyl acetate  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   India  berry, green 
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-eudesmol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  14.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  8.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-selinene  1.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.5 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-bisabolene  1.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  9.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-eudesmol  0.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-ocimene  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  10.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-selinene  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cadinene  0.4 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cedrenol  0.3 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        cubebene  0.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        elemene  0.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        elemol  0.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-eudesmol  0.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  11.9 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  6.1 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        p-cymene  0.7 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Zhu  1993 
 
        2-carene  0.98 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦   China  oil, white 
        3-carene  25.25 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.97 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-copaene  0.79 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-phellandrene  4.55 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        alpha-pinene  3.98 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-caryophyllene  23.45 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        beta-pinene  9.31 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-cadinene  0.24 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        delta-elemene  2.09 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        gamma-terpinene  0.26 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        limonene  22.6 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        linalool  0.2 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        m-cymene  1.05 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
        myrcene  2.72 ¦Relative ratio of the component¦      
 
Reference(s):

Analytical Methods Committee. 1984. Application of gas-liquid chromatography to the analysis of essential oils. Part XI. Monographs for seven essential oils. Analyst. 109:1343-1360.
 
Ao, P., Hu, S., and Zhao, A. 1998. Essential oil analysis and trace element study of the roots of Piper nigrum L. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi. 23(1):42-43.
 
Buckle, K.A., Rathnawathie, M., and Brophy, J.J. 1985. Compositional differences of black, green and white pepper (Piper nigrum L.) oil from three cultivars. J. Food Sci. 20(5):599-613.
 
Chacko, S., Jayalekshmy, A., Gopalakrishnan, M., and Narayanan, C.S. 1996. Roasting studies on black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Flavour Fragr. J. 11(5):305-310.
 
Dorman, H.I.D., Surai, P., Deans, S.G. 2000. In vitro antioxidant activity of a number of plant essential oils and phytoconstituents. J. Essent. Oil Res. 12(2):241-248.
 
Gopalakrishnan, M., Menon, N., Padmakumari, K.P., Jayalekshmy, A., and Narayanan, C.S. 1993. GC analysis and odor profiles of four new Indian genotypes of Piper nigrum L. J. Essent. Oil Res. 5(3):247-253.
 
Kollmannsberger, H., Nitz, S., and Drawert, F. 1992. Über die aromastoffzusammensetzung von hochdruckextrakten. I. Pfeffer (Piper nigrum, var. muntok). Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 194:545-551.
 
König, W.A., Krüger, A., Icheln, D., and Runge, T. 1992. Enantiomeric composition of the chiral constituents in essential oils. Part 1: Monoterpene hydrocarbons. J. High Resol. Chromatogr. 15(3):184-189.
 
Lawrence, B.M. 1981. Major tropical spices: Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.). In: Essential Oils 1979-198, eds. Lawrence, B.M. Allured Publ. Corp., Wheaton, Illinois, USA. 142-223.
 
Martins, A.P., Salgueiro, L., Vila, R., Tomi, F., Cañigueral, S., da Cunha, A.P., and Adzet, T. 1998. Essential oils from four Piper species. Phytochem. 49(7):2019-2023.
 
McCarron, M., Mills, A., Whittaker, D., Kurian,T., and Verghese, J. 1995. Comparison between green and black pepper oils from Piper nigrum L. berries of Indian and Sri Lankan origin. Flavour Fragr. J. 10(1):47-50.
 
Menon, A.N., Chacko, S., and Narayanan, C.S. 2001. Free and glycosidically bound volatiles of pepper (Piper nigrum L.). J. Essent. Oil Res. 13(3):166-169.
 
Menon, A.N., Padmakumari, K.P., and Jayalekshmy, A.J. 2002. Essential oil composition of four major cultivars of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). J. Essent. Oil Res. 14(2):84-86.
 
Menon, A.N., Padmakumari, K.P., Jayalekshmy, A., Gopalakrishnan, M., and Narayanan, C.S. 2000. Essential oil composition of four popular Indian cultivars of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). J. Essent. Oil Res. 12(4):431-434.
 
Pino, J. 1992. Studies on the chromatographic deterpenation of black pepper oil. Nahrung. 36(2):170-174.
 
Pino, J., Rodriguez-Feo, G., Borges, P., and Rosado, A. 1990. Chemical and sensory properties of black pepper oil (Piper nigrum L.). Nahrung. 34(6):555-560.
 
Richard, H.M., Russell, G.F., and Jennings, W.G. 1971. The volatile components of black pepper varieties. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 9(9):560-566.
 
Sumathykutty, M.A., Rao, J.M., Padmakumari, K.P., and Narayanan, C.S. 1999. Essential oil constituents of some Piper species. Flavour Fragr. J. 14(5):279-282.
 
Tewtrakul, S., Hase, K., Kadota, S., Namba, T., Komatsu, K., and Tanaka, K. 2000. Fruit oil composition of Piper chaba Hunt., P. longum L. and P. nigrum L. J. Essent. Oil Res. 12(5):603-608.
 
Van Gemert, L.J., Nijssen, L.M., and Maarse, H. 1983. Kwaliteitscriteria voor de kruiden nootmuskaat en zwarte peper. TNO-CIVO Food Analysis Institute.
 
Wrolstad, R.E., and Jennings, W.G. 1965. Volatile constituents of black pepper. III. The monoterpene hydrocarbon fraction. J. Food Sci. 30(2):274-279.
 
Zhu, L., Li, Y., Li, B., Lu, B., and Xia, N. 1993. Aromatic plants and essential constituents. South China Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Peace Book Co. Ltd., Hong Kong. 41.
 
Zhu, L., Li, Y., Li, B., Lu, B., and Xia, N. 1993. Aromatic plants and essential constituents. South China Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Peace Book Co. Ltd., Hong Kong. 42.
 
 
Citation: El-Sayed AM 2024. The Pherobase: Database of Pheromones and Semiochemicals. <http://www.pherobase.com>.
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